Go (Golang)

Go is a statically typed, garbage-collected language built for concurrency, simplicity, and fast builds.

Keywords

• break, case, chan, const, continue
• default, defer
• else, fallthrough, for, func
• go, goto, if, import
• interface, map, package, range
• return, select, struct, switch
• type, var

Language Highlights

• Goroutines (`go fn()`) spawn lightweight concurrent tasks.
• Channels synchronize and share data; select multiplexes operations.
• Interfaces are satisfied implicitly by method sets.
• Packages compile to single binaries with `go build`.
• Generics (Go 1.18+) enable type parameters, constraint interfaces, and instantiation.

Standard Library Essentials

• fmt for formatted I/O.
• net/http for HTTP servers and clients.
• context for cancellation and deadlines.
• encoding/json, encoding/xml, encoding/gob for serialization.
• sync and sync/atomic for primitives beyond channels.
• testing and testify for unit tests and table-driven cases.

Operators

• Arithmetic: + - * / % ++ --
• Comparison: == != < > <= >=
• Logical: && || !
• Bitwise: & | ^ &^ << >>
• Assignment: = += -= *= /= %= &= |= ^= &^= <<= >>=
• Short declaration: := for local variables.

Toolchain

• `go mod init`, `go mod tidy` manage dependencies.
• `go test ./...` runs parallel tests; benchmarks use `go test -bench`.
• `go fmt` and `go vet` enforce style and detect pitfalls.
• Delve (dlv) debugs local or remote processes.

Best Practices

• Keep packages focused; avoid circular dependencies.
• Prefer context propagation over globals for request-scoped data.
• Limit exported surface area; follow Effective Go conventions.
• Use `errgroup` and `context.WithTimeout` for resilient services.

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