Rust

Rust delivers memory safety, fearless concurrency, and zero-cost abstractions for systems, WebAssembly, and embedded projects.

Keywords

• as, async, await, break, const, continue, crate, dyn, else, enum, extern
• false, fn, for, if, impl, in, let, loop
• match, mod, move, mut, pub, ref, return, self, Self
• static, struct, super, trait, true, type, unsafe, use, where, while, yield

Ownership & Borrowing

• Each value has a single owner; when owner goes out of scope, value drops.
• Immutable (`&T`) and mutable (`&mut T`) references enforce aliasing rules.
• Borrow checker ensures data races cannot compile.
• Smart pointers: Box, Rc, Arc, RefCell, Mutex control ownership semantics.

Language Features

• Pattern matching via `match`, `if let`, `while let`.
• Traits define shared behavior; generics are monomorphized.
• Macros (`macro_rules!` and procedural) generate code at compile time.
• Async/await integrates with executors like Tokio and async-std.
• Result and Option force explicit error handling.

Standard Library & Ecosystem

• std::collections (Vec, HashMap, BTreeMap), std::sync, std::fs, std::io.
• Cargo orchestrates builds, tests, benches, docs, and crates.io publishing.
• Tokio, Axum, Actix, Bevy, Tauri, and Yew power modern apps.
• Clippy lints; Rustfmt formats; Miri detects UB in const/code.

Operators

• Arithmetic: + - * / %
• Comparison: == != < > <= >=
• Logical: && || !
• Bitwise: & | ^ ! << >>
• Assignment: = += -= *= /= %= &= |= ^= <<= >>=
• Reference/dereference: &, &mut, *

Best Practices

• Use `?` to bubble up errors and `thiserror`/`anyhow` for ergonomics.
• Prefer iterators and combinators for functional pipelines.
• Gate unsafe blocks and justify with comments/tests.
• Run `cargo fmt`, `cargo clippy`, `cargo test`, and `cargo audit` in CI.

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